| Pigeons
Whilst manning beach positions in Northumberland in 1941 we had training in the use of pigeons to carry messages. Pigeons had been used extensively in World War I on the Western Front in 1915 with 15 pigeon's stations each with 4 birds and a handler; by 1918 there were 400 stations with some 22,000 birds in 150 mobile lofts. During the Second World War, Allied bomber planes operating in Europe, Burma and India were reputed to have carried a couple of pigeons. One can readily see their use if the plane was shot down behind enemy lines and the wireless set unserviceable or security of location demanded radio could not be used. The birds released with details of the crash location would provide hope of rescue. In Northumberland we worked with the owner of a local pigeon loft and our training involved handling the birds and preparing and attaching messages. It was the only occasion we used them. Telephonic Communication Field telephones connected by line cable were always the preferred means of communication. It provided interactive communication in the easiest way with the minimum amount of procedure. However, it was not secure as the infantry telephone system used only a single D Mark III thin braided copper and steel wire to connect telephones directly to each other or to a field switchboard, completing the electric circuit by using an earth return through the use of an earth-pin. The advantages of the simplistic 'earth return' circuit avoided using twin twisted cable requiring more drums to be carried by line-laying parties. The length of D Mark III single cable on a single drum was only about 600 yard. The extra burden would have impeded cable laying as it was all done by hand and on foot by the Battalion's signallers. The disadvantage came from enemy listening devices embedded in the earth, allowing the enemy to listen to telephone conversations. Aware of this necessitated using covert codes in conversations and in the text of formal messages referring to orders and when making tactical references to intentions and objectives. All signallers trained in laying cable. This necessitated knowing and practising tying reef knots to join cables and to repair broken lines damaged by shell or mortar fire or by tracked vehicles. To make a good joint in the cable we would bind it with a single strand of copper wire to increase conductivity. In line laying parties the signaller walked or ran with the reel in the hand-held unwinding frame with one signaller following and tying the cable or lifting it overhead. At the end of each 600-yard reel, the cable would be tested by connecting it to a field telephone and calling back to the signals switchboard (Switchboard Universal Call) at Battalion HQ. If the connection was satisfactory you would start the next reel. If there was a break in the stretch of line just laid, it meant going back along the cable, letting it run through you hand until you found the break and then repairing it and testing back to the switchboard.
We had two Switchboards '10-Line Universal Calling' and these were always located in the Signals Office at Battalion HQ. From these two boards, telephone lines would radiate out to the six companies, with extensions going to the Commanding Officer, Adjutant, Intelligence Officer and Quartermaster. There would be a connection to the Brigade HQ switchboard and to the Artillery Battery Commander at Battalion HQ. During operations, there would also be lines direct to the Platoon headquarters of the Carriers, 3-inch Mortars, Anti-Tank Guns and Pioneers. A message facility in the Signals Office used two of the switchboard terminals for sending and receiving messages. This left two spare for any special telephonic links, perhaps an Observation Post or a Standing Patrol. In the early months of the Second World War we trained using a field Switchboard 7+3: it had terminals for seven direct lines and three other telephones connected by a common terminal-bar to the exchange with only one jack used for answering. The operator would insert the plug into the jack to identify the telephone user contacting the exchange; however, the conversation could be listened to by the other two telephone users as they shared the same circuit!
These illustrations courtesy www.museumoftechnology.org.uk
The Fullerphone increased the capacity of the battalion signal network as it could be used to send morse messages over the same lines being simultaneously used for speech. We had six instruments and required Brigade HQ permission if these telephones were to be used in the forward areas. Because they operated on direct current, a Superimposing Unit (one transformer) had to be connected to the Switchboard UC to enable the Fullerphones to operate without interference on circuits using 'alternative current' telephones.
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